Another strategy for survival is flight, which for the politico-commercial class might mean sending family and fortune abroad when conditions appear threatening. For undercompensated workers, flight might mean movement from a low-wage job in plantation agriculture to self-employment elsewhere as an independent farmer, miner, or petty merchant. For undercompensated farmers, it might mean migration to the cities part of the impetus behind urban migration is the heavier levies on people in rural areas (where they are within the government's reach) than on the urban population. And for some groups, flight into deep forest and the establishment of villages entirely independent of the state has been a solution.

Data as of December 1993