Peru - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ANDEAN SOCIETIES BEFORE THE CONQUEST
  • Pre-Inca Cultures
  • The Incas
  • THE SPANISH CONQUEST, 1532-72
  • Consolidation of Control
  • THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1550-1824
  • Demographic Collapse
  • The Colonial Economy
  • Colonial Administration
  • The Colonial Church
  • Indigenous Rebellions
  • INDEPENDENCE IMPOSED FROM WITHOUT, 1808-24
  • POSTINDEPENDENCE DECLINE AND INSTABILITY, 1824-45
  • THE GUANO ERA, 1845-70
  • Failed Development
  • THE WAR OF THE PACIFIC, 1879-83
  • RECOVERY AND GROWTH, 1883-1930
  • The Aristocratic Republic, 1895-1914
  • Impact of World War I
  • The Eleven-Year Rule, 1919-30
  • MASS POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 1930-68
  • Rural Stagnation and Social Mobilization, 1948-68
  • FAILED REFORM AND ECONOMIC DECLINE, 1968-85
  • Military Reform from Above, 1968-80
  • Return to Democratic Rule, 1980-85
  • Peru at the Crossroads
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION
  • The Coastal Region
  • The Andean Highlands
  • High-Altitude Adaptations
  • The Amazonian Tropics
  • The Maritime Region
  • Natural Disasters and Their Impact
  • People, Property, and Farming Systems
  • HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION THROUGH TIME
  • Settlement Patterns
  • Urban, Rural, and Regional Populations
  • Demography of Growth, Migration, and Work
  • Population Policy and Family Planning
  • Lima and the Patterns of Migration
  • Regionalism and Political Divisions
  • CULTURE, CLASS, AND HIERARCHY IN SOCIETY
  • Indigenous Peoples
  • Legacy of Peonage
  • Elites
  • Military Classes
  • Urban Classes
  • ASPECTS OF FAMILY LIFE
  • Urban Informal Sector
  • Domestic Servants
  • Godparenthood
  • Rural Family and Household
  • COMMUNITY LIFE AND INSTITUTIONS
  • Catholicism and Community
  • Community Leadership
  • Landlords and Peasant Revolts in the Highlands
  • Shining Path and Its Impact
  • EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, AND LITERACY
  • Universities
  • HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
  • Orientation Toward Primary Product Exports
  • Structures of Production
  • Agriculture
  • Fishing
  • Manufacturing
  • Mining and Energy
  • Services
  • Banking
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Tourism
  • Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
  • Export and Import Structures
  • Economic Implications of Coca
  • Balance of Payments and External Debt
  • Employment and Wages, Poverty, and Income Distribution
  • Employment
  • Wages
  • Organized Labor
  • Poverty
  • Income Distribution
  • ECONOMIC POLICIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
  • The Velasco Government
  • Land Reform
  • Labor and Capital in the Industrial Sector
  • Protection and Promotion of Industry
  • Nationalizations and State Firms
  • Macroeconomic Imbalance: Domestic and External
  • The Search for New Directions, 1975-90
  • The Second Belaú
  • The Garcí
  • The Fujimori Government, 1990-91
  • OUTSTANDING ISSUES
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
  • Constitutional Development
  • The Executive
  • The Legislature
  • The Judiciary
  • Public Administration
  • Local and Regional Government
  • Regional Governments
  • The Electoral System
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
  • Political Parties
  • American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
  • Popular Action
  • The Christian Democrats
  • The Democratic Front
  • The Left
  • Change '90
  • Nonparty Organizations
  • INTEREST GROUPS
  • The Church
  • Economic Associations
  • Labor Unions
  • Students
  • News Media
  • POLITICAL TRENDS
  • The Transition to Democracy
  • The Garcí
  • The 1990 Campaign and Elections
  • Impact of the "Fujishock" Program
  • Prospects for the Fujimori Government
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Foreign Relations Under Garcí
  • Foreign Relations Under Fujimori
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • THE ARMED FORCES IN SOCIETY AND POLITICS
  • Changing Role Over Time: Preconquest
  • Colonial Period
  • Postindependence: Military Defeat and Nation-Building
  • Guardian of the New Liberal Elite
  • Reformer and Agent of Change
  • Protector of Democracy
  • Changing Constitutional Basis
  • Changing Foreign Military Missions and Impacts
  • THE ARMED FORCES
  • Mission and Organization
  • Training
  • Army
  • Navy
  • Air Force
  • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
  • The Military in the 1990s
  • POLICE FORCES
  • General Police
  • Security Police
  • Technical Police
  • CHANGING THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
  • Internal Threats
  • Guerrillas in the 1960s
  • Guerrillas Insurgency, 1980-92
  • Narcotics Trafficking
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
  • Penal Code
  • Penal System

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