Egypt - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ANCIENT EGYPT
  • The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C.
  • Pyramid Building in the Old and Middle Kingdoms
  • The New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552-664 B.C.
  • Art and Architecture in the New Kingdom
  • The Cult of the Sun God and Akhenaten's Monotheism
  • The Late Period, 664-323 B.C.
  • PTOLEMAIC, ROMAN, AND BYZANTINE EGYPT, 332 B.C.-A.D. 642
  • The Ptolemaic Period
  • Egypt under Rome and Byzantium, 30 B.C.-A.D. 640
  • MEDIEVAL EGYPT
  • The Tulinids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids, 868- 1260
  • The Mamluks, 1250-1517
  • EGYPT UNDER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
  • MODERN EGYPT
  • The French Invasion and Occupation, 1798-1801
  • Muhammad Ali, 1805-48
  • Abbas Hilmi I, 1848-54 and Said, 1854-63
  • Social Change in the Nineteenth Century
  • Rural Society
  • Towns and Cities
  • FROM AUTONOMY TO OCCUPATION: ISMAIL, TAWFIQ, AND THE URABI REVOLT
  • From Intervention to Occupation, 1876-82
  • FROM OCCUPATION TO NOMINAL INDEPENDENCE: 1882-1923
  • Economy and Society under Occupation
  • Egypt under the Protectorate and the 1919 Revolution
  • THE ERA OF LIBERAL CONSTITUTIONALISM AND PARTY POLITICS
  • Egypt During the War, 1939-45
  • On the Threshold of Revolution, 1945-52
  • The Revolution and the Early Years of the New Government: 1952-56
  • Egypt and the Arab World
  • Nasser and Arab Socialism
  • Egypt, the Arabs, and Israel
  • The June 1967 War
  • THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
  • External Relations
  • Nasser's Legacy
  • Sadat Takes Over, 1970-73
  • October 1973 War
  • Political Developments, 1971-78
  • Egypt's New Direction
  • Peace with Israel
  • The Aftermath of Camp David and the Assassination of Sadat
  • MUBARAK AND THE MIDDLE WAY
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • Natural Regions
  • Nile Valley and Delta
  • Western Desert
  • Eastern Desert
  • Sinai Peninsula
  • Climate
  • POPULATION
  • Population Control Policies
  • Major Cities
  • Emigration
  • Minorities
  • SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
  • Urban Society
  • Rural Society
  • FAMILY AND KINSHIP
  • Attitudes Toward Women
  • Changing Status of Women
  • RELIGION
  • Islam
  • Early Developments
  • Contemporary Islam
  • Islamic Political Movements
  • Coptic Church
  • Other Religious Minorities
  • EDUCATION
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • STRUCTURE, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY
  • Infrastructure
  • Transportation
  • Communications
  • THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
  • Mubarak's Gradualism?
  • Development Planning
  • Pricing and Subsidy
  • Exchange Rates
  • Public Finance
  • Banking, Credit, and Inflation
  • LABOR
  • Employment
  • Wages
  • AGRICULTURE
  • The Food Gap
  • Land Ownership and Reform
  • Land Reclamation and Loss
  • Pricing Policy
  • Cropping Patterns, Production, and Yield
  • Technology
  • ENERGY, MINING, AND MANUFACTURING
  • Energy
  • Mining
  • FOREIGN TRADE
  • Exports
  • Imports
  • Trade Partners
  • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND MAIN SOURCES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE
  • Petroleum
  • Suez Canal
  • Remittances
  • Tourism
  • Current Account Balance
  • Capital Account and Capital Grants
  • Direct Foreign Investment
  • Loans
  • DEBT AND RESTRUCTURING
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • THE DOMINANT EXECUTIVE AND THE POWER ELITE
  • The President and the Power Elite
  • The Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and the Policy-making Process
  • The Road to Power: Recruitment and Composition of the Elite
  • Elite Ideology
  • Politics among Elites
  • The Politics of Economic Strategy
  • The Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation
  • Local Government
  • THE SUBORDINATE BRANCHES: THE REGIME AND ITS CONSTITUENCY
  • Parliament
  • The Judiciary, Civil Rights, and the Rule of Law
  • The Political Role of the Media
  • Interest Groups
  • CONTROLLING THE MASS POLITICAL ARENA
  • The "Dominant Party System"
  • The Opposition Parties
  • Elections
  • The Limits of Incorporation: The Rise of Political Islam and the Continuing Role of Repression
  • FOREIGN POLICY
  • Foreign Policy Decision Making
  • The Development of Foreign Policy
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • MILITARY HERITAGE
  • The Egyptian Military in World War II
  • First Arab-Israeli War
  • The 1956 War
  • The June 1967 War
  • War of Attrition and the October 1973 War
  • SECURITY CONCERNS AND STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES
  • THE MILITARY IN NATIONAL LIFE
  • THE ARMED FORCES
  • Army
  • Air Force
  • Navy
  • Air Defense Force
  • Training and Education
  • Conscription and Reserves
  • Conditions of Service
  • Defense Spending
  • Military Justice
  • Uniforms and Insignia
  • ARMED FORCES PRODUCTION
  • Defense Industry
  • FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
  • Muslim Extremism
  • Leftist Organizations
  • Police
  • Organization
  • Training
  • Central Security Forces
  • Intelligence Services
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
  • Incidence of Crime
  • Drug Trafficking
  • The Penal System

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